Physicist Albert Einstein was born in present-day Germany on March 14th in 1879.
Interested in mathematics and physics from a young age, some of Einstein's chief contributions to modern-day physics are his theories on relativity.
In 1905, he published his "Theory on Special Relativity", positing two major components: the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion (inertial space) relative to one another, and light always travels at the same speed (at a rate of 299 792 458 meters per second). This means that we cannot tell whether we are in movement unless we have a moving object to understand our motion relatively, and that light speed is constant, regardless of the speed and direction that an observer is traveling. This proof of mass-energy equivalence was laid out in Einstein's famous "E = mc²" formula, where energy E can be calculated as the mass M multiplied by the speed of light C.
Over the following ten years, Einstein expanded on Isaac Newton's work on gravity and formulated the "Theory of General Relativity", whereby: it is impossible to tell the difference between gravity, and the force of inertia of a moving object, and large objects cause outer space to bend.
This proposal offered novel concepts of space and time, their interconnectedness, and the idea of space-time.
A champion of civil rights, Einstein advocated for the safeguard of Jews and Jewish scientists, and joined the NAACP. Einstein was a refugee himself, and forfeited his German passport in the mid-1930s.